近期，UGC（用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)生(sheng)產(chan)內(nei)(nei)容）社區(qu)小紅(hong)書微博發(fa)聲，指責大眾點評疑冒用(yong)(yong)小紅(hong)書用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)名稱賬(zhang)號(hao)，搬(ban)(ban)運(yun)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)在小紅(hong)書發(fa)布的(de)(de)原(yuan)創筆記內(nei)(nei)容，同時表示被搬(ban)(ban)運(yun)的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)已授權其處理維(wei)權事宜。對(dui)此，大眾點評回應稱，出現這種情況(kuang)系由于其對(dui)新業(ye)務的(de)(de)管理疏漏所致，已完成內(nei)(nei)容排(pai)查與(yu)清(qing)理下線工(gong)作，并表示將通過(guo)技(ji)術手(shou)段(duan)確保類似問題不(bu)再(zai)出現。

近(jin)年(nian)來，用(yong)戶(hu)評論類原(yuan)創(chuang)內容(rong)受到平(ping)臺的追捧，與此同時(shi)，相(xiang)關(guan)侵(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)糾紛也(ye)時(shi)有發生。在(zai)(zai)這些糾紛中(zhong)，用(yong)戶(hu)在(zai)(zai)平(ping)臺發布的內容(rong)是(shi)否屬于作(zuo)品(pin)？如(ru)果屬于作(zuo)品(pin)，版權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)歸屬用(yong)戶(hu)還是(shi)平(ping)臺？出現侵(qin)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)時(shi)如(ru)何維(wei)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)？等一系列相(xiang)關(guan)話題(ti)引起(qi)熱議。中(zhong)國(guo)文字著作(zuo)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)協(xie)會(hui)總干事張(zhang)洪波在(zai)(zai)接受中(zhong)國(guo)知識產(chan)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)報記者采(cai)訪時(shi)表示，判定(ding)(ding)用(yong)戶(hu)生產(chan)的內容(rong)能否構成作(zuo)品(pin)，關(guan)鍵(jian)在(zai)(zai)于其是(shi)否具有獨創(chuang)性，而(er)用(yong)戶(hu)注冊協(xie)議是(shi)確(que)定(ding)(ding)作(zuo)品(pin)版權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)歸屬的關(guan)鍵(jian)。他指出，在(zai)(zai)維(wei)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)中(zhong)，權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利人可以通(tong)過多(duo)種(zhong)途徑進行(xing)維(wei)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)。

侵(qin)權(quan)糾(jiu)紛多發

7月28日，小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)發(fa)(fa)布的(de)(de)(de)微博(bo)顯(xian)示，近(jin)期，有不少小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)博(bo)主發(fa)(fa)現(xian)自己在(zai)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)平(ping)臺(tai)上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)原創(chuang)內(nei)(nei)容出(chu)現(xian)在(zai)大眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點評(ping)平(ping)臺(tai)上(shang)(shang)，并且(qie)發(fa)(fa)布者的(de)(de)(de)ID賬(zhang)(zhang)號(hao)(hao)與他們相(xiang)同，而他們并沒有在(zai)大眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點評(ping)上(shang)(shang)注(zhu)冊賬(zhang)(zhang)號(hao)(hao)和發(fa)(fa)布內(nei)(nei)容。小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)稱大眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點評(ping)疑冒用(yong)(yong)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)名稱賬(zhang)(zhang)號(hao)(hao)，批量建立虛假賬(zhang)(zhang)號(hao)(hao)，抄襲及搬(ban)運用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)在(zai)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)發(fa)(fa)布的(de)(de)(de)原創(chuang)筆(bi)記，同時表示已收(shou)到用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)相(xiang)關(guan)授(shou)權(quan)(quan)委托，將采(cai)取法(fa)律手段，全權(quan)(quan)處理維權(quan)(quan)事宜，要(yao)求大眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點評(ping)立即采(cai)取刪(shan)除所(suo)有侵權(quan)(quan)鏈接、關(guan)閉侵權(quan)(quan)賬(zhang)(zhang)號(hao)(hao)等相(xiang)應(ying)措(cuo)施。7月29日，大眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點評(ping)官(guan)方微博(bo)回應(ying)稱，其(qi)(qi)在(zai)接到小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)及小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)紅(hong)(hong)(hong)(hong)書(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)內(nei)(nei)容作者的(de)(de)(de)投訴后，第一時間(jian)已完成所(suo)有內(nei)(nei)容排查(cha)與全部清理下(xia)線(xian)，并通過(guo)技術手段確(que)保類似問題不再(zai)出(chu)現(xian)，并解釋該事件(jian)發(fa)(fa)生是因為(wei)新(xin)上(shang)(shang)線(xian)運營的(de)(de)(de)推薦欄目在(zai)未經授(shou)權(quan)(quan)的(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)對(dui)相(xiang)關(guan)內(nei)(nei)容進行了違規轉載。大眾(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)點評(ping)表示，其(qi)(qi)一直尊重(zhong)和支(zhi)持原創(chuang)內(nei)(nei)容生產，已啟動專項審查(cha)小(xiao)(xiao)(xiao)組，完善相(xiang)關(guan)流程機制。

從(cong)大眾點評(ping)、微博，到知(zhi)乎、小紅書，越來(lai)越多(duo)的內容(rong)(rong)(rong)社(she)區出現(xian)(xian)，吸引著用(yong)戶以圖片、文字、短視(shi)頻等(deng)多(duo)種形式生產(chan)原創內容(rong)(rong)(rong)。用(yong)戶原創內容(rong)(rong)(rong)為平臺(tai)、社(she)區帶來(lai)了巨大流(liu)量，其(qi)價值也正在(zai)不斷被開發變現(xian)(xian)。但(dan)同時，用(yong)戶在(zai)平臺(tai)社(she)區發布的原創內容(rong)(rong)(rong)引發的版權(quan)糾紛也紛紛涌現(xian)(xian)，此前大眾點評(ping)訴愛(ai)幫(bang)網、攜程網訴趣拿網、大眾點評(ping)訴百(bai)度(du)地圖等(deng)案件引起(qi)熱議(yi)。如(ru)今關于用(yong)戶原創內容(rong)(rong)(rong)能否(fou)受到版權(quan)保護、用(yong)戶生產(chan)內容(rong)(rong)(rong)歸屬(shu)于平臺(tai)還是(shi)用(yong)戶、用(yong)戶生產(chan)內容(rong)(rong)(rong)被他人擅自使用(yong)如(ru)何維(wei)權(quan)等(deng)問(wen)題(ti)成為業內探討的焦點。

版權問題待解(jie)

關于平臺用(yong)戶(hu)創(chuang)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)發表的(de)內容是(shi)(shi)否受(shou)到版權保護，張洪波表示，用(yong)戶(hu)點贊、寫短評論(lun)不一(yi)定構成作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)品，能否構成作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)品需(xu)根據發布的(de)具體(ti)內容進行判(pan)斷。用(yong)戶(hu)生產的(de)內容無論(lun)是(shi)(shi)文字、圖(tu)片，還(huan)是(shi)(shi)視(shi)頻，是(shi)(shi)否構成著作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)權法(fa)意(yi)義(yi)上(shang)的(de)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)品，第一(yi)要素是(shi)(shi)具有獨(du)創(chuang)性。獨(du)創(chuang)性具備(bei)兩層涵義(yi)：一(yi)是(shi)(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者或作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者群體(ti)獨(du)立完成；二是(shi)(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)品具有創(chuang)造性。目前(qian)第一(yi)層面涵義(yi)已(yi)基本達(da)成共識，但對(dui)于如何(he)理(li)解創(chuang)造性和創(chuang)造性程(cheng)度，在理(li)論(lun)研究和司法(fa)實踐中都存在爭議。

比如，2007年大眾(zhong)點(dian)(dian)評(ping)(ping)起訴(su)(su)愛(ai)(ai)幫(bang)(bang)網(wang)侵(qin)犯其(qi)著(zhu)作權(quan)，一(yi)審判決著(zhu)作權(quan)侵(qin)權(quan)事實(shi)成立，不過二(er)審以大眾(zhong)點(dian)(dian)評(ping)(ping)沒有(you)(you)匯編權(quan)為由推(tui)翻了一(yi)審結果，原因是大眾(zhong)點(dian)(dian)評(ping)(ping)與網(wang)友共同擁(yong)有(you)(you)著(zhu)作權(quan)而一(yi)審起訴(su)(su)主體有(you)(you)瑕疵。2010年大眾(zhong)點(dian)(dian)評(ping)(ping)第二(er)次(ci)起訴(su)(su)愛(ai)(ai)幫(bang)(bang)網(wang)侵(qin)犯其(qi)網(wang)站的(de)著(zhu)作權(quan)，法院判令(ling)大眾(zhong)點(dian)(dian)評(ping)(ping)享有(you)(you)點(dian)(dian)評(ping)(ping)內容的(de)著(zhu)作權(quan)，愛(ai)(ai)幫(bang)(bang)網(wang)大量復(fu)制(zhi)大眾(zhong)點(dian)(dian)評(ping)(ping)上內容的(de)行(xing)為不符合著(zhu)作權(quan)法設定的(de)免(mian)責(ze)條款，構成侵(qin)權(quan)。一(yi)審法院在判決中表示，在表現(xian)形式上體現(xian)了作者的(de)個性、情感、體驗(yan)的(de)評(ping)(ping)論具有(you)(you)獨創性，屬于版權(quan)保護的(de)作品(pin)。

“用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)生(sheng)成內(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)與網(wang)站平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)之間的(de)(de)法律責(ze)任問題取(qu)決(jue)于用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)注冊協(xie)議(yi)(yi)是如(ru)何約定(ding)的(de)(de)，現(xian)在國內(nei)UGC平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)的(de)(de)侵權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)訴訟案件(jian)中，平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)服務協(xie)議(yi)(yi)起到(dao)關鍵作用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。”張洪波認為，如(ru)果用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)在平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)發(fa)表(biao)的(de)(de)文字、圖片(pian)、視頻等內(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)構成作品，就涉(she)及版權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)保護(hu)問題；如(ru)果用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)授權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)給平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)，那(nei)么(me)平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)就有權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)代表(biao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)維權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)。據了(le)解(jie)，平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)對用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)原創內(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)并不享有原始的(de)(de)著(zhu)作權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)，但可(ke)以通過(guo)上(shang)傳作者的(de)(de)許可(ke)、轉讓獲得權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)利(li)，為此，平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)會(hui)設置用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)注冊協(xie)議(yi)(yi)以獲得內(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)授權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)。同(tong)時，不同(tong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)臺(tai)(tai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)協(xie)議(yi)(yi)中的(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)是不同(tong)的(de)(de)，比(bi)如(ru)，知(zhi)乎(hu)在用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)協(xie)議(yi)(yi)中注明：用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)在知(zhi)乎(hu)上(shang)發(fa)表(biao)的(de)(de)全部原創內(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，著(zhu)作權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)均歸(gui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)所(suo)有；知(zhi)乎(hu)上(shang)由(you)多人參與編輯(ji)的(de)(de)內(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)，相關知(zhi)識產權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)歸(gui)知(zhi)乎(hu)所(suo)有。新浪微博用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)協(xie)議(yi)(yi)中規(gui)定(ding)，微博運(yun)營(ying)方對用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)在微博上(shang)已發(fa)布的(de)(de)微博內(nei)容(rong)(rong)(rong)(rong)享有使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)權(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)。

“對于他人未經網絡平臺許可使用用戶原創內容的行為，或構成著作權侵權，也可能構成不正當競爭。”張洪波表示，社區、平臺從版權角度一般很難追究對方的責任，往往從不正當競爭的角度進行維權。比如大眾點評起訴百度地圖、百度知道抓取大眾點評的商家信息和用戶評論案，二審法院判決百度的行為構成不正當競爭。
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